After just six months in November a court conspiracy resulted in the assassination of both Ruknuddin and his mother Shah Turkaan. It is believed that Iltutmish’s widow Shah Turkaan ran the government during his brief reign for all practical purposes, while the Sultan remained immersed in enjoying his royal status. The new Sultan was a complete failure as a ruler. Thus the political pressure groups ensured that instead of Razia her brother Rukn ud din Firuz was made the Sultan. Even though he had already appointed Razia was his heir apparent, the existing Muslim nobility was completely against accepting a woman as their sultan. Shams-ud-din Iltutmish passed away on 30 April 1236. He broke away from from the Muslim canon of every dynasty before him and named Razia as his heir apparent, the first woman successor of a Sultan ever. Over this period, Iltutmish realised that while all his sons were only interested in enjoying the royal privileges and pleasures, Razia was most skilled and sincere among them. As Sultan, contrary to custom, she displayed her face in public and openly rode an elephant into battles as the chief of her army. Even during her father’s reign as a Sultan, Razia assisted her father actively in the affairs of State. In her formative years, Razia had very little interaction with the women in the harem, so she never really imbibed the customary demure behaviour of women of the contemporary Muslim society of her times. He imparted a similar training in martial arts and administration to all his children, including Razia. Iltutmish proved to be a more efficient ruler and also very liberal-minded. He did not prove to be a very competent ruler and hence Iltutmish took over the throne with the help of the then Turkish nobility. Upon Qutb-ud-din’s death his son Aram Baksh inherited the throne in 1210.
Her mother was Qutb-ud-din’s daughter who was married to her father because of his skill and valour. She was Shams-ud-din Iltutmish’s only daughter and had three brothers. Razia Sultan was born Raziya al-Din in 1205 in Budaun, India. In the conflicts that followed, Razia was brutally killed. She was widely respected and loved by her officials and public but one of her brothers usurped the throne. After her father passed away, her brother took over the throne, but was assassinated in 6 short months, after which Razia claimed the throne that was rightfully hers.Īfter becoming the Sultan of Delhi she adopted a gender-neutral attire and proved to be an efficient, capable, and brave ruler. Therefore, her ascent was strongly opposed by even from close family. However, those skills were imparted to her only expecting her to later make a good queen to a king and offer advice and assistance if needed – not to be a ruler herself.
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She had trained in military skills and professional warfare along with her brothers and other children of the aristocratic class and had good knowledge of state administration too. However, Iltutmish, realising that she was more skilled and fit to rule the kingdom than her brothers, chose her, considering her gender no barrier to her abilities. No ruler before him had ever chosen a woman successor. In his last days Iltutmish almost rewrote history by appointing his daughter Razia as his heir apparent. When Qutb-ud-din died, Iltutmish garnered support from the then Turkish nobility and ascended to be the sultan, the first of the Slave dynasty. Her father Iltutmish had arrived in Delhi as a slave serving under Qutb-ud-din and through his bravery and skill attained the position of a provincial governor. Her ancestors were Turkish Seljuk slaves and their dynasty was called the Slave Dynasty, thus making her rulership a subversion of existing power structures at many levels. Razia’s ascent to the throne gains immense historical significance not just because she was a woman ruler, but also because she did not come from nobility per se. Razia it is believed had refused to be addressed as a Sultana (as per her gender) as that word meant “wife or mistress of a Sultan”, but claimed the title “Sultan”, as she herself was the premier. She was the fifth Mamluk Sultan, one of the few female sovereigns ever in the entire history of Islamic civilizations across the world. She ruled in Delhi from 1236 to 1240 as the Sultan herself – it was a title never before bestowed on a woman, a position of power never before attained by a woman. Razia Sultan was the first Muslim female ruler.
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